What signs, symptoms, and laboratory abnormalities of Heart Failure (HF) does A.J. exhibit? Relate these clinical findings to the pathogenesis of the disease and to left-sided or right-sided HF.
A.J. is a 58 year-old man that presents to your clinic with a chief complaint of increasing shortness of breath and an 8 kg weight gain. Two weeks prior he noted the onset of dyspnea on exertion after one flight of stairs, orthopnea, and ankle edema. Since then he has noted PND and has been […]
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Date: June 9th, 2015